For thousands of years, this luminous metal was smelted – heated and melted – to separate the desired metal from the ore in which it was found, and to remove any impurities from within the gold itself. This alchemical process, discovered by ancient people, means that some of the earliest golden objects in the world are made of pure gold. These items were designed for adornment and offering, as gifts meant to beautify, delight, and enhance. Pure gold, however, is remarkably soft and malleable, and it is easily shaped and molded. It is also less resilient to scratches and pressure, which can warp or destroy the object and its decoration. To forge stronger items without losing the reflective and lustrous appearance of gold itself, ancient goldsmiths alloyed the material by mixing it with other metals. By 2500 BCE, golden objects were often crafted from a mixture of approximately ninety percent pure gold and 10 percent silver and copper. The amount of copper in these objects increased over time, as it creates harder, more durable metals that maintain the desired golden shine.
Tools and weapons were sometimes created from these harder golden alloys, which were offered to deities and spirits at remote mountain top shrines, in grand temples, in sparkling bodies of water, and in the darkest shadows of caves. Some of these include golden hammers, tongs, or blades. Golden swords, however, were highly valued by elite, wealthy people, and they are sometimes found in burials. Although the blades were too soft for battle, the symbolic power of the blade’s form invokes might, ferocity, and prowess in combat. Combined with the luxurious, shining metal, these objects reflect not only the bearer’s superior ability in battle and status as a wealthy person with access to rare and valuable materials, but golden swords communicate that the person who wields one is so very respected – perhaps even feared –, and that they do not need a working sword to be powerful. Their identity, their past, and their power are enough.
Rare and flashing with the sun’s reflected rays, golden objects are often handed down from one generation to the next. These items become heirlooms, not only as objects that represent a single person’s history and deeds, but as symbols that invoke the identities, histories, and values of entire lineages and families. As heirlooms, these pieces of adornment remind us that we belong to things more vast than our singular selves, our finite experiences, and our short lives: we belong to one another and to our traditions, we belong to the spiraling expanse of time, and we belong to the infinite, glittering stars.